#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import numpy as np import pygame import time import sys S_EMPTY = 1 S_SEP = 2 S_FINDER = 4 S_ALIGN = 8 S_TIMING = 16 S_RESERVED = 32 S_DATA = 64 S_BYTES = 128 S_MASK = 256 STEPS = S_MASK|S_DATA|S_BYTES|S_RESERVED|S_ALIGN|S_TIMING|S_FINDER|S_SEP|S_EMPTY #STEPS = S_MASK|S_RESERVED|S_ALIGN|S_TIMING|S_FINDER|S_EMPTY #STEPS = 0 #STEPS = S_MASK|S_DATA pygame.init() font = pygame.font.SysFont("ubuntu", 16) win = None coords = True # turn on coordinates def log(msg): print(f"<[---]> {msg} <[---]>") class GF: """Galois field element""" def __init__(self, val): self.val = val def copy(self): return GF(self.val) # Addition def __add__(self, n): return GF(self.val ^ n.val) # Subtraction def __sub__(self, n): return GF(self.val ^ n.val) # Multiplication def __mul__(self, n): if self.val == 0 or n.val == 0: return GF(0) return GF.EXP[GF.LOG[self.val].val + GF.LOG[n.val].val].copy() # Division def __truediv__(self, n): if n.val == 0: raise ZeroDivisionError if self.val == 0: return GF(0) return GF.EXP[(GF.LOG[self.val].val + 255 - GF.LOG[n.val].val)%255].copy() # Power def __pow__(self, n): return GF.EXP[(GF.LOG[self.val].val * n.val)%255].copy() # Representation -> string def __repr__(self): return self.val.__repr__() # Compute exponents and logs for all element of the Galois field GF.EXP = [GF(0)]*512 GF.LOG = [GF(0)]*256 value = 1 for exponent in range(255): GF.LOG[value] = GF(exponent) GF.EXP[exponent] = GF(value) value = ((value << 1) ^ 285) if value > 127 else value << 1 for i in range(255, 512): GF.EXP[i] = GF.EXP[i-255].copy() class Poly: """ Polynomial Coefficients are in the order of largest to lowest degree: ax^2 + bx + c -> coefs = [a, b, c] """ def __init__(self, coefs): self.coefs = coefs.copy() @property def deg(self): return len(self.coefs) def copy(self): return Poly(self.coefs) # Addition def __add__(self, p): d1, d2 = self.deg, p.deg deg = max(d1,d2) result = [GF(0) for i in range(deg)] for i in range(d1): result[i + deg - d1] = self.coefs[i] for i in range(d2): result[i + deg - d2] += p.coefs[i] return Poly(result) # Multiplication def __mul__(self, p): result = [GF(0) for i in range(self.deg+p.deg-1)] for i in range(p.deg): for j in range(self.deg): result[i+j] += self.coefs[j] * p.coefs[i] return Poly(result) # Division def __truediv__(self, p): dividend = self.coefs.copy() dividend += [GF(0) for i in range(p.deg-1)] quotient = [] for i in range(self.deg): coef = dividend[i] / p.coefs[0] quotient.append(coef) for j in range(p.deg): dividend[i+j] -= p.coefs[j] * coef while dividend[0].val == 0: dividend.pop(0) return [Poly(quotient), Poly(dividend)] # Representation -> string def __repr__(self): return f"" # Inspired by nayuki's Creating a QR Code step by step # bibtex key: nayuki_qr_js # https://github.com/nayuki/Nayuki-web-published-code/blob/dfb110475327271e3b7279a432e2d1a1298815ad/creating-a-qr-code-step-by-step/creating-qr-code-steps.js class History: """Widths history for mask evaluation, crit. 3""" def __init__(self): self.widths = [0]*7 self.widths[-1] = 4 self.colors = [0]*4 self.color = 0 # Add module to history, returns number of patterns found def add(self, col): s = 0 self.colors.append(col) if col != self.color: self.color = col s = self.check() self.widths.pop(0) self.colors = self.colors[-sum(self.widths)-1:] self.widths.append(0) self.widths[-1] += 1 return s # Check for patterns in the history def check(self): n = self.widths[1] # Only black on white if self.colors[self.widths[0]] != 1: return 0 # if 1:1:3:1:1 if n > 0 and self.widths[2] == n and self.widths[3] == n*3 and self.widths[4] == n and self.widths[5] == n: # check if 4:1:1:3:1:1 + check if 1:1:3:1:1:4 return int(self.widths[0] >= 4) + int(self.widths[6] >= 4) return 0 # Final check def final(self): for i in range(4): self.add(0) return self.check() class QR: TYPES = ["numeric", "alphanumeric", "byte", "kanji", "?"] LEVELS = ["L","M","Q","H", "?"] MODES = ["0001", "0010", "0100", "1000"] ALPHANUM = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ $%*+-./:" VERSIONS = [] ERROR_CORRECTION = [] FINDER = ["1111111","1000001","1011101","1011101","1011101","1000001","1111111"] FINDER = np.array([list(map(int, _)) for _ in FINDER]) ALIGNMENT_PATTERN_LOCATIONS = [ [], [6, 18], [6, 22], [6, 26], [6, 30], [6, 34], [6, 22, 38], [6, 24, 42], [6, 26, 46], [6, 28, 50], [6, 30, 54], [6, 32, 58], [6, 34, 62], [6, 26, 46, 66], [6, 26, 48, 70], [6, 26, 50, 74], [6, 30, 54, 78], [6, 30, 56, 82], [6, 30, 58, 86], [6, 34, 62, 90], [6, 28, 50, 72, 94], [6, 26, 50, 74, 98], [6, 30, 54, 78, 102], [6, 28, 54, 80, 106], [6, 32, 58, 84, 110], [6, 30, 58, 86, 114], [6, 34, 62, 90, 118], [6, 26, 50, 74, 98, 122], [6, 30, 54, 78, 102, 126], [6, 26, 52, 78, 104, 130], [6, 30, 56, 82, 108, 134], [6, 34, 60, 86, 112, 138], [6, 30, 58, 86, 114, 142], [6, 34, 62, 90, 118, 146], [6, 30, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150], [6, 24, 50, 76, 102, 128, 154], [6, 28, 54, 80, 106, 132, 158], [6, 32, 58, 84, 110, 136, 162], [6, 26, 54, 82, 110, 138, 166], [6, 30, 58, 86, 114, 142, 170] ] MASKS = [ lambda x,y: (x+y)%2 == 0, lambda x,y: y%2 == 0, lambda x,y: (x)%3 == 0, lambda x,y: (x+y)%3 == 0, lambda x,y: (y//2+x//3)%2 == 0, lambda x,y: ((x*y)%2 + (x*y)%3) == 0, lambda x,y: ((x*y)%2 + (x*y)%3)%2 == 0, lambda x,y: ((x+y)%2 + (x*y)%3)%2 == 0 ] def __init__(self, data, level=0): pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Init") log(f"Content: {data}") log(f"EC Level: {self.LEVELS[level]}") self.bits = "" self.data = data self.level = level self.type = -1 self.version = -1 self.analyse_type() self.compute_version() self.build_char_count_indicator() self.encode() self.separate_codewords() self.create_matrix() def load_versions(): with open("qr_versions.txt", "r") as f: versions = f.read().split("\n\n") for v in versions: lvls = [list(map(int, lvl.split("\t"))) for lvl in v.split("\n")] QR.VERSIONS.append(lvls) QR.VERSIONS = np.array(QR.VERSIONS) def load_ec(): with open("error_correction.txt", "r") as f: ecs = f.read().split("\n\n") for ec in ecs: lvls = [list(map(int, lvl.split("\t"))) for lvl in ec.split("\n")] lvls = [lvl + [0]*(6-len(lvl)) for lvl in lvls] QR.ERROR_CORRECTION.append(lvls) QR.ERROR_CORRECTION = np.array(QR.ERROR_CORRECTION) def __repr__(self): return "".format( QR.LEVELS[self.level], QR.TYPES[self.type].title(), "?" if self.version == -1 else self.version+1 ) def analyse_type(self): pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Type analysis") if self.data.isnumeric(): self.type = 0 elif set(self.data).issubset(set(QR.ALPHANUM)): self.type = 1 else: try: self.data.encode("ISO-8859-1") self.type = 2 except: self.type = 3 self.bits += self.MODES[self.type] log(f"Type: {self.TYPES[self.type]}") def compute_version(self): pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Version computation") self.version = min(np.where(QR.VERSIONS[:, self.level, self.type] >= len(self.data))[0]) log(f"Version: {self.version+1}") def get_char_count_len(self): if 0 <= self.version < 9: return [10,9,8,8][self.type] elif 9 <= self.version < 26: return [12,11,16,10][self.type] elif 26 <= self.version < 40: return [14,13,16,12][self.type] def build_char_count_indicator(self): pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Char count ind") length = self.get_char_count_len() indicator = f"{{:0{length}b}}".format(len(self.data)) self.bits += indicator log(f"Char count indicator: {indicator}") def encode(self): pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Encoding") if self.type == 0: groups = [self.data[i:i+3] for i in range(0,len(self.data),3)] for group in groups: group = int(group) sgroup = str(group) if len(sgroup) == 3: s = "{:010b}" elif len(sgroup) == 2: s = "{:07b}" else: s = "{:04b}" self.bits += s.format(group) elif self.type == 1: data = self.data last = None if len(data)%2 == 1: last = data[-1] data = data[:-1] for i in range(0, len(data), 2): val1 = self.ALPHANUM.index(data[i]) val2 = self.ALPHANUM.index(data[i+1]) val = val1*45 + val2 self.bits += f"{val:011b}" if not last is None: self.bits += "{:06b}".format(self.ALPHANUM.index(last)) elif self.type == 2: data = self.data.encode("ISO-8859-1") self.bits += "".join(list(map("{:08b}".format, data))) elif self.type == 3: data = list(self.data.encode("shift_jis")) #Combine double bytes data = [data[i*2]<<8 | data[i*2+1] for i in range(len(data)//2)] for dbyte in data: if 0x8140 <= dbyte <= 0x9ffc: dbyte = dbyte - 0x8140 elif 0xe040 <= dbyte <= 0xebbf: dbyte = dbyte - 0xc140 msb = dbyte >> 8 lsb = dbyte & 0xff val = msb * 0xc0 + lsb self.bits += f"{val:013b}" log(f"Encoded: {[self.bits[i:i+8] for i in range(0,len(self.bits),8)]}") ec = self.ERROR_CORRECTION[self.version, self.level] req_bits = ec[0]*8 #Terminator self.bits += "0"*(min(4, req_bits-len(self.bits))) #Pad to multiple of 8 if len(self.bits) % 8 != 0: self.bits += "0"*(8-len(self.bits)%8) #Pad to required bits if len(self.bits) < req_bits: for i in range((req_bits-len(self.bits))//8): self.bits += ["11101100","00010001"][i%2] log(f"Padded: {[self.bits[i:i+8] for i in range(0,len(self.bits),8)]}") def separate_codewords(self): pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Separating codewords") ec = self.ERROR_CORRECTION[self.version, self.level] blocks = [] ec_codewords = [] codeword = 0 gen_poly = self.get_generator_poly(ec[1]) log(f"Gen poly: {gen_poly}") #print(self.bits) for i in range(ec[2]): block = [] for j in range(ec[3]): block.append(self.bits[codeword*8:codeword*8+8]) codeword += 1 blocks.append(block) msg_poly = Poly(list(map(lambda b: GF(int(b,2)), block))) log(f"Msg poly (1-{i}): {msg_poly}") quotient, remainder = msg_poly / gen_poly log(f"EC poly (1-{i}): {remainder}") ec_cwds = [f"{c.val:08b}" for c in remainder.coefs] ec_codewords.append(ec_cwds) #If group 2 if ec[4] != 0: for i in range(ec[4]): block = [] for j in range(ec[5]): block.append(self.bits[codeword*8:codeword*8+8]) codeword += 1 blocks.append(block) msg_poly = Poly(list(map(lambda b: GF(int(b,2)), block))) log(f"Msg poly (2-{i}): {msg_poly}") quotient, remainder = msg_poly / gen_poly log(f"EC poly (2-{i}): {remainder}") ec_cwds = [f"{c.val:08b}" for c in remainder.coefs] ec_codewords.append(ec_cwds) self.final_data_bits = "" if len(blocks) == 1: dbits = "".join(["".join(block) for block in blocks]) ec_bits = "".join(["".join(cwd) for cwd in ec_codewords]) log(f"EC bits: {[ec_bits[i:i+8] for i in range(0,len(ec_bits),8)]}") self.final_data_bits = dbits + ec_bits else: #Interleave data codewords for i in range(max(ec[3], ec[5])): for block in blocks: if i < len(block): self.final_data_bits += block[i] #Interleave error correction codewords for i in range(ec[1]): for block in ec_codewords: self.final_data_bits += block[i] #Add remainder bits if 1 <= self.version < 6: self.final_data_bits += "0"*7 log(f"Add 7 remainder bits") elif 13 <= self.version < 20 or 27 <= self.version < 34: self.final_data_bits += "0"*3 log(f"Add 3 remainder bits") elif 20 <= self.version < 27: self.final_data_bits += "0"*4 log(f"Add 4 remainder bits") print_bytes(self.final_data_bits) def get_generator_poly(self, n): poly = Poly([GF(1)]) for i in range(n): poly *= Poly([GF(1), GF(2)**GF(i)]) return poly def get_alignment_pattern_locations(self): return QR.ALIGNMENT_PATTERN_LOCATIONS[self.version] def create_matrix(self): size = self.version*4+21 log(f"Size: {size}") self.matrix = np.zeros([size, size])-1 #-1: empty | -0.5: reserved | 0: white | 1: black pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Matrix") if STEPS & S_EMPTY: self.show(step=True) #Add separator self.matrix[0:8, 0:8] = 0 self.matrix[-8:, 0:8] = 0 self.matrix[0:8, -8:] = 0 pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Separator") if STEPS & S_SEP: self.show(step=True) #Place finders self.matrix[0:7, 0:7] = QR.FINDER self.matrix[-7:, 0:7] = QR.FINDER self.matrix[0:7, -7:] = QR.FINDER pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Finder patterns") if STEPS & S_FINDER: self.show(step=True) #Add alignment patterns locations = self.get_alignment_pattern_locations() log(f"Alignment patterns: {locations}") if self.version > 0: for y in locations: for x in locations: #Check if not overlapping with finders if np.all(self.matrix[y-2:y+3, x-2:x+3] == -1): self.matrix[y-2:y+3, x-2:x+3] = 1 self.matrix[y-1:y+2, x-1:x+2] = 0 self.matrix[y, x] = 1 pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Alignment patterns") if STEPS & S_ALIGN: self.show(step=True) #Add timing patterns timing_length = size-2*8 self.matrix[6, 8:-8] = np.resize([1,0],timing_length) self.matrix[8:-8, 6] = np.resize([1,0],timing_length) pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Timing patterns") if STEPS & S_TIMING: self.show(step=True) #Add reserved areas self.matrix[self.version*4+13,8] = 1 #Black module self.matrix[:9, :9] = np.maximum(self.matrix[:9, :9], -0.5) #Top-left self.matrix[-8:, 8] = np.maximum(self.matrix[-8:, 8], -0.5) #Bottom-left self.matrix[8, -8:] = np.maximum(self.matrix[8, -8:], -0.5) #Top-right if self.version >= 6: self.matrix[-11:-8, :6] = -0.5 self.matrix[:6, -11:-8] = -0.5 pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Reserved areas") if STEPS & S_RESERVED: self.show(step=True) #Place data dir_ = -1 #-1 = up | 1 = down x, y = size-1, size-1 i = 0 zigzag = 0 mask_area = self.matrix == -1 pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Data layout") print(self.matrix.tolist()) while x >= 0: if self.matrix[y,x] == -1: self.matrix[y,x] = self.final_data_bits[i] i += 1 if STEPS & S_DATA: if not (STEPS & S_BYTES) or i%8==0: self.show() time.sleep(0.01) if ((dir_+1)/2 + zigzag)%2 == 0: x -= 1 else: y += dir_ x += 1 if y == -1 or y == size: dir_ = -dir_ y += dir_ x -= 2 else: zigzag = 1-zigzag #Vertical timing pattern if x == 6: x -= 1 if STEPS & S_DATA: self.show(step=True) score, mask, matrix = self.try_masks(mask_area) self.matrix = np.where(mask_area, matrix, self.matrix) pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Mask") if STEPS & S_MASK: self.show(step=True) #Format string format_str = f"{(5-self.level)%4:02b}{mask:03b}" format_str += "0"*10 format_str.lstrip("0") log(f"Format str: {format_str}") gen_poly = 0b10100110111 format_poly = int(format_str,2) while format_poly.bit_length() > 10: g = gen_poly << (format_poly.bit_length()-gen_poly.bit_length()) format_poly ^= g log(f"Remainder: {format_poly:b}") format_data = int(format_str,2) + format_poly format_data ^= 0b101010000010010 format_data = f"{format_data:015b}" log(f"XORed: {format_data}") for i in range(15): y1, x1 = min(8,15-i), min(7,i) if i >= 6: x1 += 1 if i >= 9: y1 -= 1 y2, x2 = self.matrix.shape[0]-i-1 if i < 7 else 8, 8 if i < 7 else self.matrix.shape[1]+i-15 self.matrix[y1, x1] = format_data[i] self.matrix[y2, x2] = format_data[i] #Version information if self.version >= 6: gen_poly = 0b1111100100101 version_info_poly = int(self.version+1)<<12 while version_info_poly.bit_length() > 12: g = gen_poly << (version_info_poly.bit_length()-gen_poly.bit_length()) version_info_poly ^= g version_info_data = ((self.version+1)<<12) + version_info_poly version_info_data = f"{version_info_data:018b}" ox1, oy1 = 5, self.matrix.shape[0]-9 ox2, oy2 = self.matrix.shape[1]-9, 5 for i in range(18): self.matrix[oy1 - i%3, ox1 - i//3] = version_info_data[i] self.matrix[oy2 - i//3, ox2 - i%3] = version_info_data[i] def try_masks(self, mask_area): best = [None,None,None] #score, i, matrix for i in range(8): mask = QR.MASKS[i] mat = self.matrix.copy() for y in range(self.matrix.shape[0]): for x in range(self.matrix.shape[1]): if mask_area[y,x] and mask(x,y): mat[y,x] = 1-mat[y,x] #Format string format_str = f"{(5-self.level)%4:02b}{i:03b}" format_str += "0"*10 format_str.lstrip("0") gen_poly = 0b10100110111 format_poly = int(format_str,2) while format_poly.bit_length() > 10: g = gen_poly << (format_poly.bit_length()-gen_poly.bit_length()) format_poly ^= g format_data = int(format_str,2) + format_poly format_data ^= 0b101010000010010 format_data = f"{format_data:015b}" for j in range(15): y1, x1 = min(8,15-j), min(7,j) if j >= 6: x1 += 1 if j >= 9: y1 -= 1 y2, x2 = mat.shape[0]-j-1 if j < 7 else 8, 8 if j < 7 else mat.shape[1]+j-15 mat[y1, x1] = format_data[j] mat[y2, x2] = format_data[j] score = self.evaluate(mat.copy(), i) if best[0] is None or score < best[0]: best = [score, i, mat] return best def evaluate(self, matrix, i): score = 0 matrix = np.where(matrix < 0, 0, matrix) s1, s2, s3, s4 = 0, 0, 0, 0 #Condition 1 (horizontal) for y in range(matrix.shape[0]): col, count = -1, 0 for x in range(matrix.shape[1]): if matrix[y,x] != col: count = 0 col = matrix[y,x] count += 1 if count == 5: score += 3 s1 += 3 elif count > 5: score += 1 s1 += 1 #Condition 1 (vertical) for x in range(matrix.shape[1]): col, count = -1, 0 for y in range(matrix.shape[0]): if matrix[y,x] != col: count = 0 col = matrix[y,x] count += 1 if count == 5: score += 3 s1 += 3 elif count > 5: score += 1 s1 += 1 #Condition 2 for y in range(matrix.shape[0]-1): for x in range(matrix.shape[1]-1): zone = matrix[y:y+2, x:x+2] if np.all(zone == zone[0,0]): score += 3 s2 += 3 #Condition 3 (horizontal) for y in range(matrix.shape[0]): hist = History() for x in range(matrix.shape[1]): s = hist.add(matrix[y,x]) score += s*40 s3 += s*40 s = hist.final() score += s*40 s3 += s*40 #Condition 3 (vertical) for x in range(matrix.shape[1]): hist = History() for y in range(matrix.shape[0]): s = hist.add(matrix[y,x]) score += s*40 s3 += s*40 s = hist.final() score += s*40 s3 += s*40 #Condition 4 total = matrix.shape[0]*matrix.shape[1] dark = np.sum(matrix == 1) percent = 100*dark//total p1 = percent-(percent%5) p2 = p1+5 p1, p2 = abs(p1-50)/5, abs(p2-50)/5 score += min(p1,p2)*10 s4 += min(p1,p2)*10 log(f"mask {i}: {s1} + {s2} + {s3} + {s4} = {score}") return score def show(self, pos=None, step=False): global win events = pygame.event.get() for event in events: if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: if event.key == pygame.K_s: pygame.image.save(win, "/tmp/qr.jpg") m = ((self.matrix.copy()+2)%3)*127 mat = np.ones((m.shape[0]+8, m.shape[1]+8))*255 mat[4:-4, 4:-4] = m if not pos is None: mat[pos[1]+4, pos[0]+4] = 50 size = 15 if win is None: win = pygame.display.set_mode([mat.shape[0]*size, mat.shape[0]*size]) win.fill((255,255,255)) for y in range(mat.shape[0]): for x in range(mat.shape[1]): col = mat[y, x] col = (col, col, col) pygame.draw.rect(win, col, [x*size, y*size, size, size]) if coords: N = 6 space = (mat.shape[0]-8)/(N-1) margin = 4*size SIZE = (mat.shape[0]-8)*size pygame.draw.lines(win, (0,0,0), True, [ (margin, margin),(margin+SIZE, margin), (margin+SIZE, margin+SIZE),(margin, margin+SIZE) ]) for i in range(N): n = int(round(space*i)) d = size * n pygame.draw.line(win, (0,0,0), [margin+d, margin], [margin+d, margin-15]) pygame.draw.line(win, (0,0,0), [margin, margin+d], [margin-15, margin+d]) pygame.draw.line(win, (0,0,0), [margin+d, margin+SIZE], [margin+d, margin+SIZE+15]) pygame.draw.line(win, (0,0,0), [margin+SIZE, margin+d], [margin+SIZE+15, margin+d]) text = font.render(str(n), True, (0,0,0)) win.blit(text, [margin+d-text.get_width()/2, margin-30-text.get_height()/2]) win.blit(text, [margin-30-text.get_width()/2, margin+d-text.get_height()/2]) win.blit(text, [margin+d-text.get_width()/2, margin+SIZE+30-text.get_height()/2]) win.blit(text, [margin+SIZE+30-text.get_width()/2, margin+d-text.get_height()/2]) pygame.display.flip() if step: input("Press Enter to continue") def print_bytes(bytes_, int_=False): result = "" for i in range(len(bytes_)//8): if int_: result += str(int(bytes_[i*8:i*8+8],2)) + " " else: result += bytes_[i*8:i*8+8] + " " result += bytes_[-(len(bytes_)%8):] print(result.strip()) QR.load_versions() QR.load_ec() if __name__ == "__main__": np.set_printoptions(linewidth=200) pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen") #qr = QR("8675309", 0) #qr = QR("HELLO WORLD", 2) qr = QR("Hello, World!", 1) #qr = QR("茗荷", 2) #qr = QR("Hello, world! How are you doing ? I'm doing great, thank you ! Today is quite a sunny day, isn't it ?", 3) #qr = QR("https://aufildeverre.ch/", 3) #qr = QR("QR Code Symbol", 1) #qr = QR("Attention !", 3) #qr = QR("Lycacode", 0) print(qr) pygame.display.set_caption("QR Gen - Final") qr.show(step=False) input("Press Enter to quit") events = pygame.event.get() for event in events: if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: if event.key == pygame.K_s: pygame.image.save(win, "/tmp/qr.jpg")